Strayer, Chapter 19 (pp. 931-957) + Chapter 19 documents (pp. 958-971).

Empires in Collision:

1793- China rejects British request for open trade
1911- End of Qing Dynasty: Chinese revolution

In their own eyes, China was the civilized center of the entire world- The middle Kingdom
China was a victim of their own earlier success, they had a population growth of 300 million plus and there was no IR that accompanied this vast growth of people/ no agricultural production was able to keep up. The result was growing pressure on land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant population.
Eventually, central state lost power to provincial officials and local gentry. 

Taiping Uprising- gave women more freedom, they were able to fight in battle instead of having their feet bound like traditional Chinese women, Believed in Christianity and rejected Confucius, Daoism, and Buddhism. Their position towards women and their role represented a sharp challenge to long-established gender roles. 

Opium War- British needed the opium that was banned by the Emperor. They opened up 5 ports to European traders. After 2nd opium war, they vandalized the Emperor's summer palace outside Beijing. Under this free trade, Europeans were allowed to buy land in China, preach Christianity, and the Chinese were banned from calling the Europeans barbarians. The Qing dynasty remained in power and served the interests of Europeans WELL and CHINESE poor!

The Ottoman Empire
"The sick man of Europe"---> The great powers of the West considered the Ottoman Empire this!
Unable to prevent India, Indonesia, West Africa, Central Asia- from falling into Christian powers. They lost plenty of territories due to invasion from France, Russia, Austria and Britain. Some parts of the empire become independent like Greece, Serbia, and Romania. Capitulations between European countries and the Empire allowed Europeans to penetrate the Ottoman economy. Relied on foreign loans to help their economy and eventually fell into a position of dependency upon Europe like China.

Neither the Chinese nor the Ottomans were able to create the industrial economies or strong states required to fend off European intrusion and restore their former status in the world. Both China and Ottoman Empires gave rise to new nationalist conceptions of society, which were initially small and limited in appeal but of great significance for the future. After the collapse in 1911 of the dynasty led to revolutionary upheaval by 1949 that led to a communist regime. After WW1, led to the creation of a smaller Ottoman Empire (Turkey).

Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties with Western powers to avoid war and what happened to China. They were of less interest to Western Powers. China had a huge potential market and reputation for Riches and the Ottoman's strategic location at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe. 

19.1
Kang Youwei argued what he thought China needed. He argued that Confucianism could be the framework for real change as it protects China from moral degeneration.

19.2
These texts were widely considered essentially to preserving the essence of Chinese culture while creating common values among the elite.

19.3
Qui Jin left her husband and children to pursue an education in Japan. She was arrested and beheaded in 1907. This document is about her appeal for women's rights.

19.4
This document is about the three people's principles.

The other visual sources are about American intrusion, elements of western culture in Asia, Japans efforts at Westernization and (Japan, China and Europe) a reversal of roles.

Chapter 18 (pp. 879-912) + Ch 18 documents (visual sources) (pp. 922-929)

Colonial encounters in Asia and Africa:
-Enormous productivity of industrial technology created new need for extensive raw material and agricultural products
-Industrial Capitalism produced more goods than people could buy, they needed to sell their products

Imperalism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. It promised to solve the class conflicts of an industraizing society while avoiding revolution or the serious redistribution of wealth. 

Asia:
Britain- India
USA- Phillipines 
Netherlands- East Indies
Japan- Korea
France- Indochina

Europeans viewed the culture and achievements of Asian and African peples through the prism of a new kind of racism, expressed in terms of mordern science. 19th Century. Europeans used prestige and apparatus of science to support their racial views. Result led to hirearchy of races with the whites ontop and the less developed "child races" beneath them. These are part of the harsher sides of imperalism. 

South Pacific territories (Aussie & NZ) were both taken over by the british. Smiliar to early colonization of North America. Conquest was accompanied by large-scale European settlement and diseases that reduced native numbers by 75% or more. These became settle colonies "neo-european" societies in the South Pacific.

Colonial take over changed the way work was performed. Old working ways were eroded almost everywhere int he colonial world. Peasant families (farms) diminished as growing numbers directed their energies to working or selling what they produced as a cash income. The money was necessary to pay taxes, school fees and for buying things that were essential to their survival. Artistans suffered when cheaper machine manufactured merchandies displaced their own hand-made goods. Occupations for blacksmithing and tanning lost their place within African societies. Asian and African merchants were squeezed out by well financed european commercial firms 

King Leopold II of Belgium inflicted the most cruelty upon the people of Congo for rubber that was used in bicycles and automobiles. Forced Labor in the Congo and neigboring German colony of Cameroon laid the foundations of the AIDS epidemic. 


East Africa: White men expected to be called bwana( master) and they called African men "boy." Education for colonial subjects was limited and skewed toward practical subjects rather than scientific and literary studies, which were widely regarded as inappropriate for the primitive mind of natives.
 Europeans were reluctant to allow the highly educated Asians and Africans to enter the higher ranks of the colonial civil service. Most extreme case was south Africa where the largest European population and the widespread use of African labor in mines and industries brought blacks and whites into closer and more prolonged contact than anywhere else in the world.

Growing integration of Asian and African societies into the world economy that increasingly demanded their gold, diamonds, copper, tin, rubber, coffee, cotton, sugar, cocoa, and many others products. 

Religion provided the basis for transformed identities during the colonial era. Most dramatic changes were widespread conversion to christianity took place in NZ, the pacific islands, and especially non muslim Africa. The missionary brought on european medicine, education, gender roles, and culture. 


The first visual piece depicted Africa as a nation with color, culture and a rich country. Colors and the sun suggested that Africa was the new piece of the world that needed to be recognized.

The 2nd visual of the French commander shows him standing over a native fighter that has died in battle. He is heroically leading the forces of converted natives against the natives of the land that do not adhere to French rule. Shows that France is in charge and that even natives are fighting under the French flag. 

the third visual shows Rhodes extending his reach from Egypt to south Africa  Possible shows how far he has come and how much of an influence he has in both regions as a business owner and a european. 

The fourth visual showed the success of the British and French occupation in the African countries. 

the fifth shows the successful Ethiopian stance against the attempted conquest of the Italians.