Empires in Collision:
1793- China rejects British request for open trade
1911- End of Qing Dynasty: Chinese revolution
In their own eyes, China was the civilized center of the entire world- The middle Kingdom
China was a victim of their own earlier success, they had a population growth of 300 million plus and there was no IR that accompanied this vast growth of people/ no agricultural production was able to keep up. The result was growing pressure on land, smaller farms for China's huge peasant population.
Eventually, central state lost power to provincial officials and local gentry.
Taiping Uprising- gave women more freedom, they were able to fight in battle instead of having their feet bound like traditional Chinese women, Believed in Christianity and rejected Confucius, Daoism, and Buddhism. Their position towards women and their role represented a sharp challenge to long-established gender roles.
Opium War- British needed the opium that was banned by the Emperor. They opened up 5 ports to European traders. After 2nd opium war, they vandalized the Emperor's summer palace outside Beijing. Under this free trade, Europeans were allowed to buy land in China, preach Christianity, and the Chinese were banned from calling the Europeans barbarians. The Qing dynasty remained in power and served the interests of Europeans WELL and CHINESE poor!
The Ottoman Empire
"The sick man of Europe"---> The great powers of the West considered the Ottoman Empire this!
Unable to prevent India, Indonesia, West Africa, Central Asia- from falling into Christian powers. They lost plenty of territories due to invasion from France, Russia, Austria and Britain. Some parts of the empire become independent like Greece, Serbia, and Romania. Capitulations between European countries and the Empire allowed Europeans to penetrate the Ottoman economy. Relied on foreign loans to help their economy and eventually fell into a position of dependency upon Europe like China.
Neither the Chinese nor the Ottomans were able to create the industrial economies or strong states required to fend off European intrusion and restore their former status in the world. Both China and Ottoman Empires gave rise to new nationalist conceptions of society, which were initially small and limited in appeal but of great significance for the future. After the collapse in 1911 of the dynasty led to revolutionary upheaval by 1949 that led to a communist regime. After WW1, led to the creation of a smaller Ottoman Empire (Turkey).
Japan agreed to a series of unequal treaties with Western powers to avoid war and what happened to China. They were of less interest to Western Powers. China had a huge potential market and reputation for Riches and the Ottoman's strategic location at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe.
19.1
Kang Youwei argued what he thought China needed. He argued that Confucianism could be the framework for real change as it protects China from moral degeneration.
19.2
These texts were widely considered essentially to preserving the essence of Chinese culture while creating common values among the elite.
19.3
Qui Jin left her husband and children to pursue an education in Japan. She was arrested and beheaded in 1907. This document is about her appeal for women's rights.
19.4
This document is about the three people's principles.
The other visual sources are about American intrusion, elements of western culture in Asia, Japans efforts at Westernization and (Japan, China and Europe) a reversal of roles.
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