The Abolition of Slavery
1780 to 1890, transformation of Enlightenment caused thinkers to become increasingly critical of slavery as a violation of the natural rights of every person, and the pronouncements of the American and French revolution focused on this apparent breach of those principles. It was first evoked by the Quakers and Protestant evangelicals in Britain and the United States. Against religion- Slavery was a crime in the sight of God. Free labor was prosperous in England and New England. Slavery was out of date in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism. The dramatic Haitian movement (revolution) was followed by three major rebellions in the British West Indies, all of which were harshly crushed, in the 19th century.
Abolitionist movements most powerful in Britain brought the growing pressure on governments to close down the trade in slaves and then to ban slavery itself. In 1807, Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire and in 1834, emancipated those who remained enslaved. South American countries abolished slavery by 1850s. Brazil was the last to do so in 1888, which meant the end of slavery for the Atlantic trade. Newly freed people did not achieve anything close to equality except for those in Haiti.
However, in Russia, the end of the serfdom meant transferred power to peasants a considerable portion of nobles land. In the Islamic world, the freeing of slaves were marked as piety.
By the end of the 20th century, the idea was that humankind was divided into separate nations, each with their culture and territory and deserving of an independent political life, was so widespread it was timeless and natural. Independence in both south and north America were made in the name of new nations. Encouraged many small countries to seek freedom for their sake.
Third Echo - Feminist movements. From the beginning, feminism became a transatlantic movement in which European and American women attended the same conferences, corresponded regularly, and read one another's work. BY the 1900, upper-class women had gained access to higher education (universities), though in small numbers.
Maternal Feminism- which requires that women watch over the futures of their children and gives women the right to intervene not only in all acts of civil life, but also in all acts of political life.
Document 16.1
The language of rights found expression during the French Revolution in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The document was made by the French National Assembly early in that revolutionary upheaval and adopted at the end of August 1789. It is long viewed as the philosophical core of the French Revolution.
Document 16.2
Simon Bolivar wanted to create a federation among the Latin American countries like the United States of America. The Jamaica letter is his case for the independence of his continent.
Document 16.3
Frederick Douglass forcefully highlighted that great contradiction in the new American nation. This is his antislavery meeting address. It is called "what to the slave is the fourth of July."
Document 16.4
The rights of women. During the French Revolution, the question of women's rights were sharply debated. This is Elizabeth Cady Stanton's address of women's rights to the U.S congress committee.
During the French revolution, it witnessed serious class conflicts and attacks on the Catholic Church. The church was brought under state control, and members of the clergy were required to swear an oath of allegiance to the revolution. The government seized church property and sold them to the highest bidder. For a time, the revolutionaries tried to replace the Christian faith with a Cult of Reason.
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