EDITED: (pp. 610-615) + Chapter 13 (pp. 617-649).

Spanish focused their empire building projects in the Caribbean and then turned to the mainland in the early 16th century. This is when they conquered the Aztecs in 1521 and the Incas. Countries were simply closer to the Americas than were any potential Asian Competitors. These were Portugal, Britain, Spain and France. The wind of the Atlantic Ocean (once understood) finally blew the ships from Europe towards the Americas. So, technically they were bound to find the Americas sooner or later. 

Demographic collapse of the Native Americans societies was the great dying. 90% of people perished when they came in contact with Europeans who brought disease. The carribbevn, Mexico and Americas populations dwindled from these contacts with the Europeans. Small Pox was the disease. Because of the great dying, it created an acute labor shortage and certainly did make room for IMMIGRANT newcomers, both coloring Europeans and enslaved Africans. European and African people largely replaced the many societies in American before 1492. They brought germs, people, plants and animals. The societies that developed within the American colonies drove the process of GLOBALIZATION and reshaped the world economy of the early modern ear.

1. Silver mines of Mexico
2. Peru fueled transatlantic and transpacific commerce
3. Enabled the Europeans to buy Chinese tea, skill
4. Plantation owners of the tropical lower region needed workers so that acquired slaves from Africa

This all created a lasting link among Africa, Europe and America. The enormous network of communication, migration trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals, all generated by European colonial empires in the Americas has been dubbed the "Colombian Exchange".

It gave rise to something new in world history: an interacting atlantic world connecting four continents. Long term benefits were unequally distributed. Mountains of information poured into Europe, changing the conventional understanding of the world and contributing to a revolutionary way of thinking known as the Scientific Revolution!

1521- Fall of the Aztec Empire

Large-scale sugar production introduced by the Arabs into the Mediterranean. Brazil dominated the world in the export of sugar and Portugal also. Slaves on these plantations came from Africa, the most slaves came here instead of the Americas. Why? Because the ones in America mated with each other and their children were born into slavery. In the south, when they were born, they were born free. So they needed more slaves.

The Chinese, Mughal and Ottoman empires continued older patterns of historical development. European empires had a far greater impact on the peoples they incorporated than did other empires. Nowhere else did empire building cause a catastrophic population decrease as the Americas. Europe was finally enriched and transformed from their American possessions far more than China and the Ottomans were by their territorial acquisitions.

Strayer, Chapter 17 documents (pp. 862-877)

The Experience of an English Factory Worker
IR was responsible for transformation in the organization of work in the factory. Concentrated human labor in a single place and separated workers by assigning them highly specialized and repetitive tasks. The overhead management placed strict rules and regulated workers lives according to clock time. As a result of the investigations into the conditions in textile mills, legislation in 1833 limited the hours of employment for woman and children. Elizabeth Bentley testified about the conditions.

A Weavers Lament
IR destroyed livelihood of craftsmen (skilled artisans). This song was sung by unemployed weavers as they paraded through the streets of Coventry on their way to relief work, often in stone quarries. It represents their distress at an economic system that has seemed to cast them aside.

A middle-class Understanding of the Industrial Poor- Thrift
Samuel Smiles writes that even though England is one of the richest countries in the world with the IR booming and an unlimited supply of food, gold, laborers, work, money, etc. Even with all this wealth that has been amassed, the poverty rate is enormous. the question is, what has become of the poorer class in so called civilization? IN respect, the poorer class represent savages tribes because they know nothing of tomorrow, they eat, sleep and work in a repetitive cycle. However, the savages no better and can do no worse.  When man are bad, society is bad. Everything that is wrong with Society is because of the individual. the poorer class are defined as people who live day to day without plan, without rule, without forethought are on the path to inevitable distress. What  got from the reading was that if people were educated on how to save and spend their money for what they needed instead of indulging day by day, they would be better off and have a chance to spend their lives more soberly, religiously and virtuously.

The Communist Manifesto
Bourgeoisie Vs Proletariat
Society is divided into class that are facing each other. The discovery of America has established a world market. The bourgeoise class of people have turned themselves into wage laborers (priest, lawyer, scientist, poet). They have become merchants that have set up cities and towns everywhere in the world. Inspired by new industries rising, this class of people find new wants and satisfaction of products of distant lands and climes. They have set up weapons (IR) that bring death to itself and the holder of that weapon is the MODERN WORKING CLASS- the Proletariat or lower class. The Laborers are replaceable because they are exposed to all the fluctuations of the market. The lower of the middle class (shopkeepers, retired tradesmen, handicraftsmen) eventually sink into the Proletariat class. They are compared to soldiers being under command of hierarchy. The Bourgeoise produces inequality between the Proletariat who find themselves often at disagreement within their political parties. A small section of the ruling class cuts them self adrift and joins the revolutionary class. And then towards the end, it talks about a world in the hands of the Proletariat and what would happen.

Art and Industrial Revolution
Variations in attitudes towards IR in the work of visual artists. Through the exhibition in London of 1851, the pride, achievement, and superiority of the English was shown through the work of artists who captured the voice of the IR in England visually. The most prominent symbol of the IR in England was the railroad. Why? Because it was a thing of wonder, power and speed. 

The painting on page 874 was kind of misleading because it showed the female workers as being happy and joyful during their dinner outside of the factory. This was untrue because of the first document where Elizabeth Bentley testified about the working hours and conditions in the textile factory that were not up to standard. What marks the women as working class women are their outfits and hairnets. Also, the factory smoke in the background is very telling of where they are. 

Photo page 875- Shows child labor in the factory working life. All the children are dirty and they seem sad, disheartened and this is not childlike characteristics. The impression is dark. The last pic depicts the terror and horrors of factory life after work. This is possibly where they all live together children and adults alike. They seem terrified and tired. The man smoking the pipe is most likely a supervisor for the owner watching over the workers. 

Revolutions of Industrialization 827-861

The idea of Industrialization has embraced in every kind of society, both for the wealth it generates and for the power it conveys, began in Great Britain 18th century.

Industrial Revolution between 1750 and 1900. Drew on scientific revolution, French revolution and propelled European into the temporary position of global dominance. Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that Delima (global energy demands) as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas replace the earlier reliance on the endlessly renewable energy of wind, water, wood and the power of people and animals. IR marked new era in human history and history of the planet called "AGE OF MAN."  Also note, culture of innovation- widespread and almost obsessive belief that things could be endlessly improved. Early signs of IR in Britain was the innovations that transformed the cotton textile production. 
Greatest breakthrough in Britain was Coal-fired steam engine because it could power ships, locomotive and a number of machines. Later, 19th century, a so-called 2nd IR focused on chemicals, electricity, precision machinery, the telegraph, telephone, rubber, printing, and much more. Eventually spread to Western Europe, Russia, Japan and United States. 

India had long been the world center of cotton textile production, and the first to turn sugar cane juice into crystallized sugar. China was clearly the world leader in technological innovation between 700-1400 CE, prompting scholars to suggest they were on the EDGE of IR by 1200. Pace of technology change began to pick up in Europe during the early modern era. 2 Interesting factors of why IR happened in Europe. 1- certain patterns of Europe's internal developement that favored innovation. The small and highly competitive states provided an insurance against economic and technological stagnation (Other empires lacked this such as Ottoman). New monarchs purshed European royals into alliance with their merchant classes. States granted charters and monopolies to private trading companies, and governments founded scientific societies and offered prizes to promote innovation. Well on their way to capatalist economies. 2nd possibly new global network with the world (Japan, China, India) Networ exchange biggest!! Indian cotten textiles into Europe were one factor driving innovation in the British textile industry. Competition from desireable Asian goods played role in Europe's IR. In the America's, europe found silver that allowed them to operate in Asian markets. Succes stemed from ability to draw disproportionately in worlds resources. 

Why Britain?
British political life encouraged commercialization and economic revolution (allowed people of all faith with technical skills) France did not! Britain was a free arena for provate enterprise than elsewhere. Science in Britain  (secientific revolution) was different from other nations because it was concerned with observation, experiment, precise measurements, mechnical devices, etc. Science in the world was based on logic, mathametical reasoning and deducation! Britain had a readily supply of coal and iron ore. Island of Britain was protected by its location. 

IR transformed british society- increased population and urbanization sustained a demand for food products grown on the land. High Tariffs on imported goods were abolished. Those who benefitted the most from the IR was the Middle Classes. Reform Bill of 1832, right to vote to many men but banned women. 70 % of Britains population were the LABORING CLASS. Manual workers suffered more from the IR and benefitted least from epic transformations. Early decades of 19th century, Britains industray favored girls and young unmarried women because they would accept low wages and do repetitive jobs.

Karl Marx- German by birth. Said industral capitalism was an unstable system, doomed to collaspe in a revolutionary upheavel that would give birth to a classes society. He was a "scientific scoialism." 

European IR- 50-55 Mil people left home for Americas, AUssie, NZ, South Africa and elsewhere. They were pushed by rapid growth and displacement of peasent farming and artisan manufacturing. America felt the BRUNT of this huge movement of people. 

US- pioneered techniques such as Assembly line, scientific management, produce for a mass market. "Middle Class" culture of consumption to produce for a mass market. Ford, Carnegie, Rockefeller.
American federation of labor focused on skilled workers excluded the more radical unskilled laborers and refused to align with any party limited its influence in the political arena. Massive immigration from Europe began in 1840s, created a very diverse industrial labor force on top of the country's sharp radical divide. 
Abuse of Capitalists- 1890s rose "populists" railed against banks, and major political parties. Progressives pushed for specific reforms such as wages and hours legislation, better sanitation standards, antitrust laws and greater government intervention in the economy. Distinctive feature American response to industrialization was that Socialism was Un American and fear of big government. 

Russia- Monarchy ruled solely and answered to God, not the people. Most Russians were peasant serfs, bound to the estates of their masters, subject to sale, exercised for greater control over individuals and society than anywhere else in the Western world. Differences between Russia and US 

1. change came from farmers, workers, businessmen who sought new opportunities and operated a political system that gave them degrees of expression
2. In Russia, change was initiated by the state itself in an effort to catch up with Europe. Called "Transformation from above" found an early expression by Peter the great. It was a state directed change.

Many Russians thought of serfdom as incompatible with modern civilization and it held back the country's overall development, economic and industrial development. Freeing of serfs by French and British in 1861. During the 1890s, Russia experienced its own IR and it was growing rapidly. by 1900, they ranked fourth in the world in steel production and had many major industries in coal, textiles, and oil. This increased a middle class of businessmen professionals and they objected strongly to the deep conservations of tsarist s Russia, but they were dependent on those contracts from the government. 

1905 Workers in Russia went on strike and created their own representative councils called SOVIETS. Peasant upbringings, student demonstrations, revolts of non-Russian nationalists and mutinies in the military all contributed to the upheaval.  This is the foundation of their revolution, forced the Tsar's regime to make more substantial reforms than ever. Made a constitution, legalized trade unions and political  parties and permitted the election of a national assembly called the DUMA.  Actual revolution in 1917 came by way of WWI. 

Industrial Revolution: Latin America

After independence, the Latin American countries experienced a burgeoning commerce was largest scale investment in the world at that time. Substantial financial transfer from European countries for goods made in Latin America. Buenos Aires, Argentina billed itself "paris of South America." They sought to attract more European's with promise because CIVILIZATION, PROGRESS and MODERNITY derived from Europe. Mexican Revolution between 1910-1920 made a constitution in 1917 redistributed land, stripped catholic church of any role in public education forbade it to own land, announced rights of workers such as minimum wage and eight hour workday. They didn't have a IR, they developed a form of economic growth that was largely financed by capital from abroad and dependent on European and North American prosperity and decisions. 

Chapter 16/ Atlantic revolutions, global echoes, 798-811, Documents 811-825

The Abolition of Slavery

1780 to 1890, transformation of Enlightenment caused thinkers to become increasingly critical of slavery as a violation of the natural rights of every person, and the pronouncements of the American and French revolution focused on this apparent breach of those principles. It was first evoked by the Quakers and Protestant evangelicals in Britain and the United States. Against religion- Slavery was a crime in the sight of God. Free labor was prosperous in England and New England. Slavery was out of date in the new era of industrial technology and capitalism. The dramatic Haitian movement (revolution) was followed by three major rebellions in the British West Indies, all of which were harshly crushed, in the 19th century.

Abolitionist movements most powerful in Britain brought the growing pressure on governments to close down the trade in slaves and then to ban slavery itself. In 1807, Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire and in 1834, emancipated those who remained enslaved. South American countries abolished slavery by 1850s. Brazil was the last to do so in 1888, which meant the end of slavery for the Atlantic trade. Newly freed people did not achieve anything close to equality except for those in Haiti.

However, in Russia, the end of the serfdom meant transferred power to peasants a considerable portion of nobles land. In the Islamic world, the freeing of slaves were marked as piety.

By the end of the 20th century, the idea was that humankind was divided into separate nations, each with their culture and territory and deserving of an independent political life, was so widespread it was timeless and natural. Independence in both south and north America were made in the name of new nations. Encouraged many small countries to seek freedom for their sake.

Third Echo - Feminist movements. From the beginning, feminism became a transatlantic movement in which European and American women attended the same conferences, corresponded regularly, and read one another's work. BY the 1900, upper-class women had gained access to higher education (universities), though in small numbers.

Maternal Feminism- which requires that women watch over the futures of their children and gives women the right to intervene not only in all acts of civil life, but also in all acts of political life.

Document 16.1
The language of rights found expression during the French Revolution in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. The document was made by the French National Assembly early in that revolutionary upheaval and adopted at the end of August 1789. It is long viewed as the philosophical core of the French Revolution.

Document 16.2
Simon Bolivar wanted to create a federation among the Latin American countries like the United States of America. The Jamaica letter is his case for the independence of his continent.

Document 16.3
Frederick Douglass forcefully highlighted that great contradiction in the new American nation. This is his antislavery meeting address.  It is called "what to the slave is the fourth of July."

Document 16.4
The rights of women. During the French Revolution, the question of women's rights were sharply debated. This is Elizabeth Cady Stanton's address of women's rights to the U.S congress committee.


During the French revolution, it witnessed serious class conflicts and attacks on the Catholic Church. The church was brought under state control, and members of the clergy were required to swear an oath of allegiance to the revolution. The government seized church property and sold them to the highest bidder. For a time, the revolutionaries tried to replace the Christian faith with a Cult of Reason.

Campus Tour with Sr. Roseanne Murphy - Tuesday 1:45pm

Campus Tour with Sr. Roseanne Murphy, 1:45 p.m., Meets at the library, Join one of NDNU’s premier historians for a fascinating tour of the NDNU Campus. Learn about the history of Ralston Hall, the sisters’ early beginnings here, and the story behind each of NDNU’s buildings. There was only three of us including a faculty member.

Sister Roseanne Murphy was very knowledgeable, and I enjoyed the tour very much!

We started off the tour with the peace pole located by the chapel. I never seem to realize it's existence until today. The peace pole says "May peace prevail on Earth" in different languages of the different continents that the congregation is in. Sr. Roseanne said that the congregation is located in 5 of the 7 continents of the world (Africa, South America, England, Peru, etc.) Next we stood in front of Saint Julie Billiart's statue with a child, and she briefly detailed her life. It was interesting to know that Sr. Roseanne Murphy wrote a book on Saint Julie Billiart's called WOMAN OF COURAGE. The book is available in the Library to read. What I heard about St. Billiart was that she was born in Cuvilly (reasons for the name of the building cuvilly), France. She founded the Congregation of the Sisters of Notre Dame in 1804.  After her cure (she was paralyzed for 30 years), she dedicated her life to educating children. She opened a total of (54) schools during her lifetime. I am not sure if the number is correct. Well the story goes:

She was in France at the time of the Revolution. There was a decree of the new revolutionary government that wanted control of the Catholic Lands and to take away the hierarchy away from the church and keep it from the government. She was forced into hiding because she was being hunted down. A wealthy individual hid her and her niece (I forgot her name) at a chateau in the countryside. She was paralyzed during this time so it must have been difficult. When people found out where she was hiding, they went to the town and started a huge bonfire. They wanted to put St. Billiart on a blanket and put her over the fire saying, "We will make her dance" in reference to her medical situation. The groundskeeper (whoever was there a father and son) even though they were sympathetic to the cause, they hid St. Billiart and her niece in a cart of HAY and wheeled them through the town while the people were getting ready to go and storm the house. What a miraculous escape that was!

Before you enter the chapel, there are three crests up above the doors. One for the community and one for the college. Lilys represents Francoise Blin de Bourdon  (the other founder), and roses represent St. Julie Billarts because her name was MARIE ROSE JULIE.

The tour then continued into the chapel. Each of the SCULPTURED glass in the chapel was carved by Gabriel......I didn't catch the last name. The windows are not STAINED glass. The first glass on the left when you enter the chapel is the Wise Virgins/ Foolish Virgins- both waiting for the bridegroom. Symbol of the one who is wise enough for Christ's coming. Opposite the Wise Virgins is St. Julie. She was purposely placed there because she is the wise virgin that waited for God to tell her what to do. She had a vision/dream of Christ on the cross surrounded by sisters (dressed like nuns) and she heard a voice saying, "I give you a congregation marked by the cross." She was in her late forties and couldn't take care of herself. Felicity (her niece) had to sell lace to feed them. She trusted that God would show her the way.

1. The 2nd glass on the left: is the Annunciation with flames going to Mary saying "be done unto me."
2. The 3rd on left. The glass is "Our Lady of Sorrow" and you can see her tears on the glass. 
3. 4th window on left-Virgin crushing the head with the heel. God's hand is above her head and it means that through her we can conquer evil.
4. 5th window- From a prophecy " I will send a virgin with a child." The anchor is a symbol of hope and it is on the bottom right of the glass
5. Opposite the fifth window- Is our lady of Pentecost, where the flame came to all the apostles
6. Next window- Woman head is crowned with 12 bright stars. Book of Revelation talks about the monsters that will devour her child (Monsters are WAR, HUNGER)

Cross on the back wall with circle - It is called Celtic cross. Name comes from Ireland because they worship the sun. Chapel was open in 1962

       7. The wedding feast. Shows Mary with her back to Jesus. She tells him "Son, they have 

            no more wine." Jesus tells the Stewart to go to the well and fill the jugs with water.

Sr. Roseanne Murphy said the window gave her a new point of the meaning behind it at one point in her life, "Sometimes in life we are happy, tired, exhausted doing ordinary things. We may not even know that we are participating in a Miracle and not even know it!"

        8. Next window- Young Mary goes to see the older Elizabeth. Elizabeth had knew that

          Mary was pregnant even though she was too young in her Pregnancy to see physically.

The back windows represented strong women. Esther was a Jewish married to a King. Bad guy wanted to wipe out all the Jews, and eventually, she won the king over, and the bad guy was killed. Another window has Issac's bride REBECCA with two rings above her head. She pretended to worship the true God but had her idol dolls on the side. Did she represent married women? Another window was of Judith, and she was in mourning garbs when she was met with Holofernes. He was trying to get rid of all the Jews. She tricked him into having dinner several times, and she got him drunk, and she cut his head off with his sword.

The woman in the middle is from the book of Proverbs and a wise woman. She is beloved of her husband and spun her cloth. She was the ideal wife, bride. They are all interesting women.

It was customary in those days for women who became sisters to change their name for

• A symbol of putting on new life
• They took on new names to hide their background. They were all sisters and were all the same and it worked for them

Sr. Roseanne mentioned then that Roseanna is not her birth name. She is a twin, Anne is her sisters middle name and Rose is her mother's name. Even when she had a chance to change it, she kept it till now.

She took us to the Ralston Hall and gave us an in-depth History of the Ralston Family. William Chapman Ralston owned this building and it was his summer home where his children and wife were kept. He was a rich a powerful man in California. He also opened the Bank of California. His financial empire collapsed and he died the very next day. There are mysteries surrounding his death still til this day. 

We next were introduced to the Grotto of Saint Bernadette Soubirous.

She is best known for seeing the apparition of the Immaculate Conception. I didn't even know that this place existed in the corner because it is hidden from plain view. There are statues depicting the apparition in the garden. I felt very peaceful standing in the garden.

That was the end of the tour. Sr. Roseanne Murphy was kind enough to give us a sheet with the names of the buildings, where the name was derived from and what the building serves as now.

Chapter 16 Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes

Atlantic Revolutions were distinctive wars that cost and strained European imperial states specifically:

1. Britain
2. France
3. Spain

In the 7 years war (1754-1763), Britain and France joined battle in North America , the Caribbean, West Africa and South Asia. The expenses of these conflicts made the British enforce more additional taxes on their North American colonies and the French Monarchy to seek revenue from its landowners. These actions launched the American and French revolutions. 

Atlantic revolutionaries shared same ideas

• New ideas of liberty
• equality
• free trade
• religious tolerance
• republicanism
• human rationality

Politically, the core notion was popular sovereignty which meant the authority to govern derived from the people rather than God. Ideas were born of Enlightenment caused controversy. A distinctive feature of the revolutions lies in their global impact, extending well beyond the Atlantic world. EXAMPLE: Armies of France invaded Egypt, Germany, Poland, and Russia. The ideas of the revolution inspired many countries to abolish slavery, extend the right to vote, develop constitutions, and secure greater equality for women.

Nationalism was perhaps the most potent idea of the Revolution. Ideas of human equality found expression in feminist, socialist, and communist movements. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN in 1948.

The North American Revolution :

Declaration of Independence 1776. The American revolution grew out of efforts by the British government to tighten its control over the colonies and extract more revenue from them. The revolution accelerated the established democratic tendencies of the colonial societies. The New US constitution- bill of rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, and federalism- was the first sustained efforts to put political ideas of the Enlightenment into practice.

The French Revolution (1789-1815)

Thomas Jefferson- US Ambassador in Paris at the time said that France had been awakened by the American Revolution. Meeting with the king ended up with the birth of the National Assembly, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country. They drew up the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (claims that men are born free and equal in rights). This launched the French Revolution. The revolution was partly on the members of the elite society refusing to pay more taxes. Doctors, lawyers, merchants were offended by being excluded from privileges of the aristocracy. In 1793, King louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were executed. The difference is that French women were active in the major events of the Revolution. They stormed the basil. Effect of the Revolution? Streets got new names; monuments to the royal family were destroyed; titles vanished; people referred to one another as citizen and so on. It also laid the foundations for feminism. 

The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

French revolution echoed more loudly in Haiti than anywhere else in the world. Regarded as the richest colony in the world at that times due to plantations produced 40% of the worlds sugar and perhaps half its coffee. Revolution meant for grands blancs (the rich white landowners) greater autonomy for the colony and fewer economic restrictions on trade. Meant for others the equality of citizenship for all whites. Slaves burned 100 plantations and killed whites and mixed whites. Thrown off French colonial rule and renamed their country. NAPOLEON'S defeat in Haiti persuaded him to sell the "Louisiana Purchase" to the United States of America.

The territory in the middle is what was sold to the United States from France for $15,000,000 after the Haitian experience. 

Spanish American Revolution (1810-1825)

These revolutions were shaped by the events in North America and Haiti. Native born elites in Spanish colonies were offended by Spain's efforts to subject them to heavier taxes and tariffs. The USA grew increasingly wealthy, industrialized, democratic, internationally influential and generally stable with the major exception of the civil war.

Chapter 15// Cultural Transformations: Religion and Science

Why Europe?

• Historical development as a (new energy) and fragmented (break up) civilization arguably gave rise to the conditions favorable to the scientific enterprise
• They had an evolving legal system 
• Autonomy of its emerging Universities

Major Figures in the Scientific Revolution had been trained and were affiliated with these Universities. Such Universities were "NEUTRAL ZONES OF INTELLECT AUTONOMY" in which scholars could pursue their studies free from the dictate of the Church or state authorities. Heavily influenced by Greek thinker Aristotle

From Islamic point of view, Natural Science and philosophy were viewed with great suspicion. 

Before Scientific Revolution, Europeans believed that the universe centered around earth and around it revolved the sun, moon and stars. The Scientific Revolution challenged this theory

• Nicolaus Copernicus Polish- He said at the middle of all things lay the sun and the earth, like the other planets, revolved around it 1543

Sir Issac Newton- formulated the modern laws of motion and mechanics (remained unchallenged until the 20th century) "Idea was that all bodies are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation"

The view was that the heavens and earth, long regarded as separate and distinct spheres, were not so different after all. The same natural law that governed the orbiting planted governed the motion of a cannon ball or the falling of an apple.

Rene Descartes resolved to seek no other knowledge than that which I might find within myself, or perhaps in the book of nature- French Philosopher "I think, therefore I am"

Newton- Biblical Scholar said that the beautiful system of the universe had to have come from an intelligent being

Galileo- proclaimed the compatibility between Science and Faith

Enlightenment 18th Century- NEW approach to knowledge is rooted in Human Reasoning

Central Theme of Enlightenment was the idea of PROGRESS

Evolution of Human Civilization through Science and Religion?

Filipinos, Siberians, and many Native American peoples borrowed elements of Christianity from Europeans

Numerous Asians and Africans borrowed Islam from the Arabs

The Scientific revolution and the European Enlightenment was a challenge to Christianity and its understandings. The same could be said of the Protestant Reformation. The documents look into the celebrated power of Human Reasoning and the possibilities of a new human society by this idea. I feel as if the first paragraph on page 757 echoes what we know now. Knowledge (before human reasoning) was not understood entirely and yet we passed this down to our children for generations. Now that they have a chance to reestablish the human intelligence correctly, they must do so because it is unstoppable progress when individual minds are given the power to think for themselves.

Chapter 15 (719-739)

Two Intersecting cultural trends that continue to play out in the 21^st century

1.         Spread of Christianity to Asians, Africans, and Native Americans
2.         The emergence of a modern scientific outlook
3.         The second one sharply challenged Western Christianity even as it too acquired a global presence

Christianity was a cultural tradition largely limited to Europe in 1500 had now become a world religion.

The Reformation began in 1517 when a German priest, Martin Luther, publically invited debate about various abuses within the Catholic Church. The document known as the “Ninety-Five Theses” gave accounts for which many knew was happening within the church concerning popes, priests, etc.

·       Neither the good works of a sinner nor the sacraments of the Church had any bearing on the eternal destiny of the soul

·       Faith was a gift from God, granted to his needy and undeserving people

These were not the teachings of a priest, but merely the reading of the Bible interpreted by the individuals conscious. All these things challenged the authority of the Church and questioned the unique position of the clerical hierarchy and the pope in particular. Reformation spread quickly within and beyond Germany, thanks to the invention of the printing press.

Thirty Years War (1618-1648) a Catholic and Protestant struggle that began in the Holy Roman Empire and quickly engulfed most of Europe

Missionaries (mostly Catholic) actively spread the Christian messages beyond European communities. They were the Dominicans; Franciscans, and Jesuits, Portuguese missionaries took the lead in Africa and Asia. Spanish and French missionaries were most prominent in the Americas.

The conquest of Aztec and Inca empires created a setting in which the religion of the victors took hold in Spanish American colonies. Women who held roles as shamans or priests did not have a complementary role in the Catholic Church.

·       Europeans sought to eradicate all local and native religions by destroying ritual objects, shrines and religious images.

·       Religious Revivalist Movement- Peru 1560s known as the Taki Onqoy (dancing sickness)

·       They encouraged locals to cut contact with Spanish and reject Christian worship

Chinese encounter with Christianity

Unlike the America’s who were conquered and required to practice Christian faith, the Chinese had no threat to their political independence

•  Europeans needed authority from Chinese authorities to operate in the country
• They pointed to parallels between Confucianism and Christianity
• They chose to define Chinese rituals as honoring the emperor or civil observances
• Christianity spread modestly to China as opposed to Spanish America

Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism and A multitude of Chinese Gods supplied the spiritual needs of most Chinese

By the 18th century, the pope forbade the Chinese Christians to worship Confucius. That's the turning point of the religious relationship between the Europeans and the Chinese. Europeans failed to have Christianity as a prominent presence in China.

Neither China or India experienced cultural or religious change as dramatic as that of the Reformation in Europe does not do Confucian or Hindu cultures during the early modern era spread widely, as did Christianity and Islam.

China- Neo-Confucianism

Bhakti- Indian form of Hinduism. Appealing to women.

Guru Nanak- Punjab. There is no Hindu or Muslim, there is only God.